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保险合同中仲裁条款的效力/夏晓东

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-01 14:50:53  浏览:9154   来源:法律资料网
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保险合同中仲裁条款的效力

(河北分公司 夏晓东)

【案情介绍】2002年11月4日张某为自己在保险公司投保了康健一生重大疾病保险10份,保险金额1万元,根据合同约定,张某在合同生效180后患合同列明的重大疾病或接受合同列明的重大手术,保险公司按保险金额的3倍给付重大疾病保险金。
2003年1月7日张某因多发脑梗塞、高血压三级、肾上腺瘤住院治疗,1月24日好转出院;9月5日张某因突发急性下壁心梗、冠心病、高血压、脑梗塞、脑萎缩、肾上腺瘤手术再次住院治疗,20日好转出院。2003年10月10日张某向保险公司提出索赔申请,要求保险公司给付其重大疾病保险金3万元,并提供了相关索赔资料。经保险公司多方调查,发现张某曾在2001年8月1日因TIA、脑梗塞、高血压三级住院治疗,8月5日出院;8月21日又因同种疾病再次住院治疗。这两次住院治疗情况张某投保时均未告知保险公司。据此,保险公司根据《保险法》第十条、保险合同责任免除条款之规定拒绝给付张某重大疾病保险金。2004年6月7日张某因治疗无效死亡。
【仲裁情况】2004年8月26日张某之妻严某向当地仲裁委员会提出仲裁申请,要求保险公司给付重大疾病保险金3万元。当地仲裁委员会受理此案后,保险公司提出仲裁委员会管辖权异议,认为张某投保时未与公司选择争议处理方式为仲裁,仲裁委员会无案件管辖权。2004年9月15日仲裁委员会出具了《决定书》,认为投保单、保险条款均为合同的组成部分,本案中的合同文本均为保险公司提供的格式条款,保险公司虽未在投保单中约定案件争议解决方式为仲裁,但保险条款中却规定了解决争议的方式有仲裁和诉讼两种,依照《中华人民共和国合同法》第四十一条之规定,认定双方当事人选定的合同争议解决方式为仲裁,委员会对案件有管辖权。
2004年11月10日仲裁委员会作出裁决,认为保险公司业务人员在业务承揽中未全面行使询问权利,放弃了自己的质询权;责任免除条款未向投保人明确说明,不产生效力。裁决保险公司向严某支付保险金3万元,承担案件仲裁费2400元。
【仲裁条款是否生效】本案中,保险公司提供的《个人人身保险投保单》中关于争议解决方式的是这样描述的:
投保险种中需选择争议处理方式的请选定:
1、协商,协商不成的提交当地或就近的仲裁委员会仲裁;
2、协商,协商不成的提起诉讼。
投保人选定为第二种方式。
康健一生重大疾病保险条款第二十二条“争议处理”条款约定:
合同争议解决方式由当事人在合同约定时从下列两种方式中选择一种:
一、 履行本合同发生的争议,由当事人协商解决,协商不
成的,提交当地或就近的仲裁委员会仲裁;
二、因履行本合同发生的争议,由当事人协商解决,协商不成的,依法向人民法院起诉。
尽管保险公司的《个人人身保险投保单》、康健一生重大疾病保险条款第二十二条都对争议解决方式都做出了规定,但两者是不冲突的。保险合同当事人有权依照自己的理性判断,设计民事活动,管理自己的事务。康健一生重大疾病保险条款第二十二条赋予了合同当事人争议解决方式的选择权,合同当事人在协商不成的情况下,可以选择仲裁或者诉讼,但选择权应该是在合同订立过程中行使,不应是在合同成立后行使。《个人人身保险投保单》在保险合同成立的过程中是“要约”内容的载体,其内容一经保险公司承诺,保险合同即告成立,故《个人人身保险投保单》上约定的争议处理方式应视为合同双方当事人真实意思的表示,应受到法律的保护,对双方当事人有约束力。
对案件的管辖问题,仲裁委员会把保险合同“争议处理”条款与投保单中选择的争议处理方式视为相互冲突,进而适用合同法的格式合同争议处理规则决定自己具有管辖权,此种理解方法违背了仲裁的自愿原则,裁决结果也实难让人信服。
【 案件处理结果】仲裁结果出来后,保险公司不服,认为仲裁委员会认定事实不清,适用法律错误,有违法裁决之嫌,依法向当地中级人民法院申请撤销。法院审理后认为双方当事人在保险合同中没有签订仲裁协议,发生纠纷后又未作补充协议,且保险公司在仲裁庭首次开庭时已提出异议,故认定该仲裁书违反了仲裁法关于管辖的法律规定。依照《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第五十八条(一)项之规定撤销仲裁委员会裁决。


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沈阳市行政执法监督规定

辽宁省沈阳市人民政府


沈阳市人民政府令

第 15 号


  《沈阳市行政执法监督规定》,业经市政府第十六次常务会议讨论通过,现予公布,自2003年2月1日起施行。

市 长 陈政高
二○○二年十二月十三日  


沈阳市行政执法监督规定

  第一条 为加强和完善行政执法监督工作,促进依法行政,规范行政执法行为,维护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,根据《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》等有关法律、法规和规章,结合我市实际,制定本规定。
  第二条 本规定所称行政执法监督是指市人民政府对所属行政执法部门和区、县(市)人民政府,市政府行政执法部门对下级行政执法部门,区、县(市)人民政府对所属行政执法部门和下级人民政府及其工作人员的行政执法行为实施的监督。
  第三条 市各级人民政府、各级人民政府所属行政执法部门、法律法规授权组织和依法委托行使行政管理职权的组织及其工作人员,均应遵守本规定。
  第四条 市人民政府领导全市的行政执法监督工作。
  市人民政府法制机构是本市人民政府实施行政执法监督的工作机构,在市人民政府的领导下,负责组织实施全市行政执法的监督工作,并对市人民政府所属行政执法部门和区、县(市)人民政府及其工作人员的行政执法行为实施监督。
  区、县(市)人民政府法制机构负责本行政区域内的行政执法监督工作。对本级人民政府所属行政执法部门和下一级人民政府及其工作人员的行政执法行为实施监督。
  各级人民政府所属行政执法部门的法制机构负责本系统行政执法监督的具体工作。
  第五条 行政执法监督必须坚持有法必依、执法必严、违法必究的原则。
  第六条 行政执法监督的范围:
  (一)规范性文件的合法性、必要性;
  (二)具体行政执法行为的合法性、适当性;
  (三)违法行政执法行为的查处情况;
  (四)行政执法部门法定职责的履行情况;
  (五)行政执法责任制、评议考核制、罚缴分离制等相关制度的建立和执行情况;
  (六)行政执法队伍的建设情况;
  (七)行政执法证件、标志的使用、管理和执法人员的着装情况;
  (八)法律、法规和规章规定需要监督的其他事项。
  第七条 行政执法监督的方式:
  (一)对规范性文件进行审查备案;
  (二)对重大行政处罚决定进行备案审查;
  (三)对行政执法部门和人员的执法资格进行确认;
  (四)对法律、法规和规章实施情况进行检查;
  (五)协调、处理行政执法争议;
  (六)受理和查处对行政行为的申诉、举报、投诉案件;
  (七)对行政执法活动进行检查;
  (八)对行政执法责任制和评议考核制的执行情况进行检查;
  (九)对行政执法证件和行政执法监督证件实行统一管理;
  (十)需要采取的其他方式。
  第八条 实行规范性文件审查备案制度。区、县(市)人民政府,市人民政府所属行政执法部门制定规范性文件,发布前,须报市人民政府法制机构审查,发布后15日内,须报市人民政府法制机构备案。
  第九条 实行重大行政处罚决定备案制度。行政执法部门实施责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者营业执照、行政拘留10天以上、较大数额罚款等重大行政处罚决定,须在处罚决定下达之日起15日内,报本级人民政府法制机构或上一级行政执法部门法制机构备案。
  法制机构就下列方面进行审查:
  (一)行政执法主体资格是否具备;
  (二)认定违法行为的证据是否确凿;
  (三)适用法律是否恰当;
  (四)处罚程序是否合法。
  第十条 实行行政执法主体资格认证制度。按职权法定原则,行政执法部门从事行政执法活动必须有相应的法律、法规和规章依据,并经市人民政府法制机构对其行政执法主体资格审核确认,在本行政区域内发行的报纸上公告。
  第十一条 实行行政执法情况报告制度。行政执法部门应当建立健全行政执法统计制度,按规定向上一级法制机构报送统计资料;对负责实施的法律、法规、规章和规范性文件的贯彻执行情况,以书面形式每年向本级人民政府作一次专题报告。
  区、县(市)人民政府及市人民政府所属行政执法部门,应当制定年度执法检查计划,并于每年1月份将计划报市人民政府法制机构。
  第十二条 实施行政执法争议协商、裁决制度。
  两个以上行政执法部门在行政执法中发生争议时,应当协商解决。协商不成的,可提请本级人民政府法制机构协调。仍有争议的,由政府法制机构报请本级人民政府裁决。
  第十三条 实行行政执法督察制度。市,区、县(市)人民政府法制机构应当受理公民、法人和其他组织对违法行政行为的申诉、举报和投诉,区别情况及时查处或责成有关部门查处。
  第十四条 公民、法人或其他组织认为行政执法部门及其工作人员有下列行为之一的,可以进行申诉、举报和投诉:
  (一)不按规定审批、颁发许可证、执照或者无正当理由拒绝审批、颁发许可证、执照的;
  (二)违法进行收费的;
  (三)擅自改变罚款种类、幅度的;
  (四)违反法定程序实施行政处罚的;
  (五)不依法告知听证、复议或者诉讼权利的;
  (六)违反收缴罚款规定的;
  (七)违法执法或者应当作为而不作为的;
  (八)法律、法规、规章规定可以申诉、举报、投诉的其他行政行为。
  第十五条 实行行政执法责任制和评议考核制度。市,区、县(市)人民政府每年应当对所属行政执法部门和下一级人民政府的行政执法责任制的实施情况进行评议考核。并将考核结果纳入被检查单位年度工作责任目标考核。 
  第十六条 实行行政执法人员资格认证和培训考核制度。行政执法人员必须熟悉和掌握与履行行政执法职责相关的法律、法规、规章及专业知识,并经过统一考试,取得行政执法资格,领取行政执法证件,方可从事行政执法活动。
  第十七条 行政执法人员有下列行为之一的,暂扣行政执法证件,停止其行政执法工作;情节严重的,收回行政执法证件,取消行政执法资格,责令调离执法岗位,并由有关单位给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:
  (一)在监督检查中考试考核不合格的;
  (二)不履行法定程序执法的;
  (三)有拒绝、阻碍行政执法监督行为的;
  (四)不履行法定职责或者滥用职权,侵犯当事人合法权益,造成损害的;
  (五)对申诉、举报和投诉及申请行政复议的公民、法人或者其他组织打击报复的;
  (六)行政执法工作中徇私舞弊、索贿受贿的;
  (七)有其他违法行为的。
  第十八条 行政执法监督人员执行监督职务时,应当出示行政执法监督证件。做出行政执法监督处理决定的,应当制作行政执法监督文书,送达被监督单位。被监督单位应当自收到行政执法监督文书之日起15日内,将处理结果报告实施行政执法监督的工作机构。
  第十九条 行政执法监督机构可调阅行政执法案卷和相关材料,被监督部门不得拒绝,对有拒绝行为的,依照本规定第十七条的规定处理。
  第二十条 行政执法监督机构在行政执法监督中发现的问题,按照下列规定处理:
  (一)不具备行政执法主体资格从事执法活动或者具备行政执法主体资格超越法定职权执法的,责令其停止执法活动;
  (二)具体行政行为违法或者不适当的,依法予以纠正或者撤销;
  (三)对罚款、没收财物的处理违反有关法律、法规规定的,会同有关部门依法查处;
  (四)不履行法定职责的,责令限期履行;
  (五)个人不具备行政执法资格而从事执法活动的,责令所在单位改正;
  (六)违法使用执法标志的,视情节予以暂扣或收缴;
  (七)未按规定的期限和要求报送备案材料或者行政执法情况报告的,责令限期报送。
  第二十一条 行政执法监督人员在行政执法监督活动中滥用职权、徇私舞弊、索贿受贿的,由所在单位或有关部门追究行政责任;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
  第二十二条 沈阳市重大行政处罚决定备案办法、沈阳市各级人民政府受理行政执法投诉办法,由市政府法制办公室另行制定。
  第二十三条 本规定自2003年2月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国邮政法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令(六届第47号)

《中华人民共和国邮政法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于1986年12月2日通过,现予公布,自1987年1月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1986年12月2日


中华人民共和国邮政法

(1986年12月2日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议通过 1986年12月2日中华人民共和国主席令第四十七号公布 自1987年1月1日起施行)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了保护通信自由和通信秘密,保障邮政工作的正常进行,促进邮政事业的发展,以适应社会主义建设和人民生活的需要,根据《中华人民共和国宪法》,制定本法。
第二条 国务院邮政主管部门管理全国邮政工作。
国务院邮政主管部门根据需要设立地区邮政管理机构,管理各该地区的邮政工作。
第三条 国务院邮政主管部门所属的邮政企业是全民所有制的经营邮政业务的公用企业。
邮政企业按照国务院邮政主管部门的规定设立经营邮政业务的分支机构。
第四条 通信自由和通信秘密受法律保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要,由公安机关、国家安全机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外,任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯他人的通信自由和通信秘密。
第五条 用户交寄的邮件、交汇的汇款和储蓄的存款受法律保护。除法律另有规定外,任何组织或者个人不得检查、扣留。
第六条 邮政企业应当为用户提供迅速、准确、安全、方便的邮政服务。
除法律另有规定外,邮政企业和邮政工作人员不得向任何组织或者个人提供用户使用邮政业务的情况。
第七条 邮件和汇款在未投交收件人、收款人之前,所有权属于寄件人或者汇款人。
第八条 信件和其他具有信件性质的物品的寄递业务由邮政企业专营,但是国务院另有规定的除外。
邮政企业根据需要可以委托其他单位或者个人代办邮政企业专营的业务。代办人员办理邮政业务时,适用本法关于邮政工作人员的规定。
第九条 任何单位或者个人不得伪造或者冒用邮政专用标志、邮政标志服和邮政专用品。
第二章 邮政企业的设置和邮政设施
第十条 邮政企业及其分支机构的设置标准,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十一条 邮政企业应当在方便群众的地方设置分支机构、邮亭、报刊亭、邮筒等设施,或者进行流动服务。
城市居民楼应当设置住户接收邮件的信报箱。
在较大的车站、机场、港口和宾馆内,应当设有办理邮政业务的场所。
第三章 邮政业务的种类和资费
第十二条 邮政企业经营下列业务:
(一)国内和国际邮件寄递;
(二)国内报刊发行;
(三)邮政储蓄、邮政汇兑;
(四)国务院邮政主管部门规定的适合邮政企业经营的其他业务。
第十三条 邮政企业及其分支机构不得擅自停办国务院邮政主管部门和地区邮政管理机构规定的必须办理的邮政业务。
因不可抗力或者特殊原因,邮政企业及其分支机构需要暂时停止或者限制办理部分邮政业务,必须经国务院邮政主管部门或者地区邮政管理机构批准。
第十四条 邮政企业应当加强报刊发行工作。出版单位委托邮政企业发行报刊,应当与邮政企业订立发行合同。
第十五条 邮政业务的基本资费,由国务院物价主管部门制定,报国务院批准。非基本资费由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十六条 各类邮件资费的交付,以邮资凭证或者证明邮资已付的戳记表示。
第十七条 邮票、邮资信封、邮资明信片、邮资邮简等邮资凭证由国务院邮政主管部门发行,任何单位或者个人不得伪造。
仿印邮票图案的管理办法,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第十八条 售出的邮资凭证不得向邮政企业及其分支机构兑换现金。
停止使用的邮资凭证,由国务院邮政主管部门在停止使用前一个月公告并停止出售,持有人可以自公告之日起六个月内向邮政企业及其分支机构换取有效的邮资凭证。
第十九条 下列邮资凭证不得使用:
(一)经国务院邮政主管部门公告已经停止使用的;
(二)盖销或者划销的;
(三)污染、残缺或者褪色、变色,难以辨认的;
(四)从邮资信封、邮资明信片、邮资邮简上剪下的邮票图案。
第四章 邮件的寄递
第二十条 用户交寄邮件,必须遵守国务院有关主管部门关于禁止寄递物品、限量寄递物品的规定。
第二十一条 用户交寄除信件以外的其他邮件,应当交邮政企业或者其分支机构当面验视内件。拒绝验视的,不予收寄。
用户交寄的信件必须符合准寄内容的规定,必要时邮政企业及其分支机构有权要求用户取出进行验视。
第二十二条 邮政企业及其分支机构应当按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的时限投交邮件。
第二十三条 无法投递的邮件,应当退回寄件人。
无法投递又无法退回的信件,在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内无人认领的,由地区邮政管理机构负责销毁。
无法投递又无法退回的进口国际邮递物品,在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内无人认领的,由海关依法处理。
无法投递又无法退回的其他邮件的处理办法,由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第二十四条 邮政汇款的收款人应当自收到汇款通知之日起两个月内凭有效证明到邮政企业或者其分支机构兑领汇款;逾期未领的汇款,由邮政企业或者其分支机构退回汇款人。自退汇通知投交汇款人之日起满十个月未被领回的汇款,上缴国库。
第二十五条 寄递邮件逐步实行邮政编码,具体办法由国务院邮政主管部门规定。
第五章 邮件的运输、验关和检疫
第二十六条 铁路、公路、水运、航空等运输单位均负有载运邮件的责任,保证邮件优先运出,并在运费上予以优惠。
第二十七条 邮政企业在车站、机场、港口转运邮件,有关运输单位应当统一安排装卸邮件的场所和出入通道。
第二十八条 带有邮政专用标志的邮政车船和邮政工作人员进出港口、通过渡口时,应当优先放行。带有邮政专用标志的邮政车辆需要通过禁行路线或者在禁止停车地段停车的,由有关主管部门核准通行、停车。
第二十九条 邮件通过海上运输时,不参与分摊共同海损。
第三十条 国际邮递物品未经海关查验放行,邮政企业不得寄递。国际邮袋出入境、开拆和封发,应当由海关监管。邮政企业应当将作业时间事先通知海关,海关应当按时派员到场监管查验。
第三十一条 依法应当施行卫生检疫或者动植物检疫的邮件,由检疫部门负责拣出并进行检疫;未经检疫部门许可,邮政企业不得运递。
第六章 损失赔偿
第三十二条 用户对交寄的给据邮件和交汇的汇款,可以在交寄或者交汇之日起一年内,持据向收寄、收汇的邮政企业或者其分支机构查询。邮政企业及其分支机构应当在国务院邮政主管部门规定的期限内将查询结果通知查询人。
查复期满无结果的,邮政企业应当先予赔偿或者采取补救措施。自赔偿之日起一年内,查明有本法第三十四条第(二)项和第(三)项情形之一的,邮政企业有权收回赔偿。
第三十三条 邮政企业对于给据邮件丢失、损毁、内件短少,依照下列规定赔偿或者采取补救措施:
(一)挂号信件,按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的金额赔偿。
(二)保价邮件,丢失或者全部损毁的,按照保价额赔偿;内件短少或者部分损毁的,按照保价额同邮件全部价值的比例对邮件实际损失予以赔偿。
(三)非保价邮包,按照邮包实际损失价值赔偿,但是最高不超过国务院邮政主管部门规定的限额。
(四)其他给据邮件,按照国务院邮政主管部门规定的办法赔偿或者采取补救措施。
第三十四条 有下列情形之一的,邮政企业不负赔偿责任:
(一)平常邮件的损失;
(二)由于用户的责任或者所寄物品本身的原因造成给据邮件损失的;
(三)除汇款和保价邮件以外的其他给据邮件由于不可抗力的原因造成损失的;
(四)用户自交寄给据邮件或者交汇汇款之日起满一年未查询又未提出赔偿要求的。
第三十五条 用户因损失赔偿同邮政企业发生争议的,可以要求邮政企业的上级主管部门处理,对处理不服的可以向人民法院起诉;也可以直接向人民法院起诉。
第七章 罚 则
第三十六条 隐匿、毁弃或者非法开拆他人信件,侵犯公民通信自由权利,情节严重的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百四十九条的规定追究刑事责任;尚不够刑事处罚的,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》第二十二条的规定处罚。
第三十七条 邮政工作人员私自开拆或者隐匿、毁弃邮件的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百九十一条第一款的规定追究刑事责任。
犯前款罪而窃取财物的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百九十一条第二款的规定,按贪污罪从重处罚。
第三十八条 故意损毁邮筒等邮政公用设施,尚不够刑事处罚的,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》第二十五条的规定处罚;情节严重的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百五十六条的规定追究刑事责任。
第三十九条 邮政工作人员拒不办理依法应当办理的邮政业务的,故意延误投递邮件的,给予行政处分。邮政工作人员玩忽职守,致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百八十七条的规定追究刑事责任。
第四十条 违反本法第八条规定,经营信件和其他具有信件性质的物品的寄递业务的,由工商行政管理部门责令其将收寄的信件和其他具有信件性质的物品及收取的资费退还寄件人,处以罚款。
当事人对处罚决定不服的,可以在接到处罚通知之日起十五日内向人民法院起诉;逾期不起诉又不履行的,由工商行政管理部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第八章 附 则
第四十一条 本法下列用语的含义是:
(一)邮件:指通过邮政企业寄递的信件、印刷品、邮包、汇款通知、报刊等。
(二)信件:指信函和明信片。
(三)平常邮件:指邮政企业及其分支机构在收寄时不出具收据,投递时不要求收件人签收的邮件。
(四)给据邮件:指挂号信件、邮包、保价邮件等由邮政企业及其分支机构在收寄时出具收据,投递时要求收件人签收的邮件。
(五)国际邮递物品:指中华人民共和国与其他国家和地区的用户相互寄递的印刷品和邮包。
(六)邮政专用品:指邮政日戳、邮政夹钳和邮袋。
第四十二条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的有关国际邮政事务的国际条约同本法有不同规定的,适用该国际条约的规定。但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第四十三条 国务院邮政主管部门根据本法制定实施细则,报国务院批准施行。
第四十四条 本法自1987年1月1日起施行。






POSTAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
POSTAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the 18th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 47 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on December 2, 1986, and
effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Establishment of Postal Enterprises and Postal Facilities
Chapter III Classification of Postal Businesses and Postal Rates
Chapter IV Posting and Delivery of Postal Materials
Chapter V Transportation, Customs Examination and Quarantine
Inspection of Postal Materials
Chapter VI Compensation for Losses
Chapter VII Penalty Provisions
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People's
Republic of China, with a view to protecting freedom and privacy of
correspondence, ensuring normal progress of postal work, and promoting
development of postal services, so as to suit the needs of socialist
construction and the livelihood of the people.
Article 2
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall
administer postal services throughout the country.
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall
set up regional administrative organs of postal services as required to
administer postal services of each region.
Article 3
The postal enterprises attached to the competent department of postal
services under the State Council are public enterprises, owned by the
whole people, that operate postal businesses.
According to stipulations of the competent department of postal services
under the State Council, postal enterprises shall establish branch offices
that operate postal businesses
Article 4
Freedom and privacy of correspondence shall be protected by law. No
organization or individual shall infringe upon the freedom and privacy of
correspondence of other persons for any reason, except when the inspection
of correspondence in accordance with legal procedures by the public
security organ, the state security organ or the procuratorial organ is
necessary for the state's safety or the investigation of criminal offence.
Article 5
Postal materials handed in or posted, remittances made and savings
deposited by users shall be protected by law, and shall not be inspected
and withheld by any organization or individual except as otherwise
provided by law.
Article 6
Postal enterprises shall provide users with fast, accurate, safe and
convenient postal services.
Postal enterprises and postal staff shall not provide information to any
organization or individual about users' dealings with postal services
except as otherwise provided for by law.
Article 7
Postal materials and remittances shall be owned by senders and remitters
before they are delivered to recipients and remittees.
Article 8
Posting and delivery services of mail and other articles with
characteristics of mail shall be exclusively operated by postal
enterprises, except as otherwise provided by the State Council.
Postal enterprises may, according to needs, entrust other units or
individuals as agents to run businesses exclusively operated by postal
enterprises. The provisions on postal personnel specified in this Law
shall apply to agents when they handle postal businesses.
Article 9
No unit or individual shall produce false copies or make fraudulent use of
special postal marks, postal uniforms and special postal articles.

Chapter II Establishment of Postal Enterprises and Postal Faci- lities
Article 10
Standards for establishment of postal enterprises and their branch offices
shall be formulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council.
Article 11
Postal enterprises shall establish branch offices, postal kiosks,
newspaper and periodical stands, mailboxes, etc., in places convenient to
the masses, or provide mobile services. Residents' mailboxes for receiving
letters and newspapers shall be installed in residential buildings in
cities.
Places shall be provided for handling postal business in larger railway
stations, airports, ports and guest houses.

Chapter III Classification of Postal Businesses and Postal Rates
Article 12
Postal enterprises operate the following businesses:
(1) posting and delivery of domestic and international postal materials;
(2) distributing domestic newspapers and periodicals;
(3) postal savings and postal remittances; and
(4) other suitable businesses stipulated by the competent department of
postal services under the State Council.
Article 13
Postal enterprises and their branch offices shall not arbitrarily close
down postal businesses that must be handled according to the stipulations
made by the competent department of postal services under the State
Council and the regional administrative organ of postal services.
Owing to force majeure or special reasons, if postal enterprises and their
branch offices need to close down temporarily or restrict the handling of
some postal businesses, they must obtain approval of the competent
department of postal services under the State Council or of regional
postal administrative organs.
Article 14
Postal enterprises shall strengthen distribution work of newspapers and
periodicals. If publishing units entrust postal enterprises with
distribution of newspapers and periodicals, they must make distribution
contracts with postal enterprises.
Article 15
The basic postal rates of postal services shall be set by the competent
department in charge of pricing under the State Council and shall be
reported to the State Council for approval. Non-basic postal rates shall
be formulated by the competent department of postal services under the
State Council.
Article 16
The payment of postage on various postal materials shall be indicated by
postage certificates or by postmarks showing postage paid.
Article 17
Postage stamps, stamped envelopes, stamped postcards, stamped aerogrammes
and other postage certificates shall be issued by the competent department
of postal services under the State Council, and no unit or individual
shall be allowed to produce false copies. The administrative measures on
making facsimiles of stamp patterns shall be formulated by the competent
department of postal services under the State Council.
Article 18
Postage certificates sold shall not be cashed in postal enterprises or
their branch offices. Postage certificates to be withdrawn from
circulation shall be announced to the public, and sales will be stopped
one month in advance by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council. Holders of such postage certificates may exchange them
for valid postage certificates at postal enterprises and their branch
offices within six months from the date of the announcement.
Article 19
The following postage certificates shall not be used:
(1) those which the competent department of postal services under the
State Council has announced as withdrawn from usage;
(2) those that have been postmarked or cancelled;
(3) those that are contaminated, incomplete or illegible due to fading or
discolouring; and
(4) stamp patterns cut from stamped envelopes, stamped postcards and
stamped aerogrammes.

Chapter IV Posting and Delivery of Postal Materials
Article 20
In handing in or posting postal materials, users must abide by the
provisions formulated by the relevant competent department under the State
Council on articles forbidden to post or deliver and articles to be posted
or delivered in limited amounts.
Article 21
The contents of postal materials, other than letters, to be handed in or
posted by users, shall be checked on the spot by postal enterprises or
branch offices, and if such examination is refused, the postal material
shall not be accepted and posted. Mail handed in or posted by users must
be in line with the stipulations concerning the content allowed to be
posted; postal enterprises and their branch offices have the right to
request users to take out the contents for examination, when necessary.
Article 22
Postal enterprises and their branch offices shall deliver postal materials
within the time limits laid down by the competent department of postal
services under the State Council.
Article 23
Undeliverable postal materials shall be returned to the senders.
Mail that is both undeliverable and unreturnable, and unclaimed within the
time limit stipulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council, shall be destroyed on the authority of regional
administrative organs of postal services. Incoming international postal
articles that are undeliverable and unreturnable, and unclaimed within the
time limit stipulated by the competent department of postal offices under
the State Council, shall be handled by the Customs in accordance with the
law. Disposal measures for other undeliverable and unreturnable postal
materials shall be formulated by the competent department of postal
services under the State Council.
Article 24
The remittees of postal remittances shall cash the postal remittances with
valid documents at postal enterprises or branch offices within two months
of receiving notice of a postal remittance. Remittances unclaimed when the
time period expires shall be returned to the remitters by postal
enterprises or branch offices. Returned remittances which are unclaimed
for a period of ten months, counting from the date of delivering the
return-remittance notice to the remitter, shall be turned over to the
state treasury.
Article 25
In posting and delivering postal materials, postal codes shall be adopted
gradually, and specific pertinent measures shall be formulated by the
competent department of postal services under the State Council.

Chapter V Transportation, Customs Examination and Quarantine Ins- pection of Postal Materials
Article 26
Transportation units operating railways, highways, waterways and airlines
shall all have the responsibility of carrying and transporting postal
materials, and shall ensure priority to transporting postal materials at
preferential freight charges.
Article 27
When postal enterprises transfer postal materials in railway stations,
airports and ports, transportation units concerned shall make coordinated
arrangement of space and in-and-out passageways for loading and unloading
postal materials.
Article 28
Ships with special postal marks, postal vans and postal staff shall be
given priority in entering and departing ports and crossing on ferries.
Postal vehicles with special postal marks which need to pass through a
lane closed to traffic or to stop in no-parking sections of the road shall
be verified and approved by the competent department concerned for passing
or parking.
Article 29
When transported by sea, postal materials shall not be included in
arrangements for sharing common sea losses.
Article 30
Postal enterprises shall not post or deliver international postal articles
that are not examined and allowed to pass by the Customs. The Customs
shall supervise the entry and exit, opening, sealing and dispatching of
international mailbags. Postal enterprises shall inform the Customs of
their business hours in advance, and the Customs shall promptly send
officials to supervise on-the-spot checking and examination.
Article 31
Postal materials that are subject to health and quarantine inspections or
animal and plant quarantine inspections according to law shall be sorted
out and quarantined under the charge of quarantine offices; no
transportation and delivery shall be conducted by postal enterprises
without a permit from a quarantine office.

Chapter VI Compensation for Losses
Article 32
Users may present receipts and inquire, within one year counting from the
date of the posting or remitting, about vouchered postal materials and
remittances which they handed in for posting or remitting at the postal
enterprises or their branch offices that took in the postal materials or
accepted the remittances. Postal enterprises or branch offices shall
inform inquirers of the results of inquiry within the time limit set by
the competent department of postal services under the State Council.
If no result is found within the time limit for responding to the inquiry,
postal enterprises shall make compensation first or take remedial
measures. Within a year counting from the date of making such
compensation, if it is ascertained that the circumstance for which the
compensation was made conforms with either Item (2) or Item (3) of Article
34 of this Law, the postal enterprises shall have the right to recall the
compensation.
Article 33
For loss, damage, destruction or missing contents of vouchered postal
materials, postal enterprises shall make compensation or take remedial
measures according to the following stipulations:
(1) For registered mail, compensation shall be made according to standard
amounts formulated by the competent department of postal services under
the State Council.
(2) For insured postal materials which are lost or totally damaged or
destroyed, compensation shall be made according to the insurance coverage.
For missing contents or partial damage or destruction of insured postal
materials, compensation shall be made according to the actual losses of
the postal materials, based on the ratio between the insurance coverage
and the whole value of the postal materials.
(3) For uninsured postal parcels, compensation shall be made according to
the actual damage due to loss of such postal parcels, but the maximum
compensation shall not exceed the amount formulated by the competent
department of postal services under the State Council.
(4) For other types of vouchered postal materials, compensation shall be
made or remedial measures taken according to the measures provided for by
the competent department of postal services under the State Council.
Article 34
Postal enterprises shall not be held liable for compensation if one of the
following situations occurs:
(1) losses of ordinary postal materials;
(2) losses of vouchered postal materials caused by the user or due to some
characteristic of the posted articles per se;
(3) losses of vouchered postal materials, other than postal remittances
and insured postal materials, caused by force majeure; and
(4) users failing to inquire about or demand compensation at the end of
one year, counting from the date of handing in or posting the vouchered
postal materials or making the remittance.
Article 35
If disputes over compensation for losses occur between users and postal
enterprises, users may request the competent department of postal services
at higher levels to settle; users who refuse to accept the settlement
thereof may file lawsuits with the people's court; users may also file
lawsuits with the people's court directly.

Chapter VII Penalty Provisions
Article 36
Persons who infringe upon the citizens' right to freedom of correspondence
by concealing, destroying, discarding or illegally opening mail of another
person, where circumstances are serious, shall be investigated for
criminal liability according to the provisions of Article 149 of the
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China; those whose acts are not
serious enough for criminal punishment shall be punished according to the
provisions of Article 22 of Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 37
Postal personnel who without permission open or conceal, destroy or
discard postal materials shall be investigated for criminal liability in
accordance with Paragraph 1 in Article 191 of the Criminal Law of the
People's Republic of China.
Those who commit the crime specified in the preceding provision and also
steal property therein shall be given a heavier punishment for the crime
of embezzlement in accordance with Paragraph 2 in Article 191 of the
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 38
Persons who intentionally damage or destroy public postal facilities such
as mailboxes, where such acts are not serious enough for criminal
punishment, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article
25 of Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administrative
Penalties for Public Security; where circumstances are serious, such
persons shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with
the provisions of Article 156 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic
of China.
Article 39
Postal personnel who refuse to handle postal business which should be
handled according to law or who intentionally delay the delivery of postal
materials shall be given administrative disciplinary sanction. Postal
personnel who are derelict in their duties and bring about great loss to
public property and the interests of the state and the people shall be
investigated for criminal liability in accordance with the provisions of
Article 187 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 40
Persons who, in violation of provisions of Article 8 of this Law, handle
the business of posting and delivering mail or articles with
characteristics of mail shall be ordered by industrial and commercial
administrative authorities to return the mail and other articles and the
postal fees they have obtained from the senders, and a fine shall be
imposed on them.
Parties concerned who refuse to obey the decision of punishment may bring
suit to the people's court within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice.
If parties concerned neither bring suit to the people's court nor
implement the decision before the time limit expires, the industrial and
commercial administrative authorities shall apply to the people's court
for mandatory enforcement.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 41
The meanings of the following terms used in this Law are:
(1) postal materials: referring to mail, printed matter, postal parcels,
money orders, newspapers, periodicals, etc., posted and delivered by
postal enterprises.
(2) mail: referring to letters and postcards.
(3) ordinary postal materials: referring to the postal materials that
postal enterprises and their branch offices do not issue receipts for upon
acceptance and posting, and do not request recipients to sign for on
delivery.
(4) vouchered postal materials: referring to postal materials such as
registered mail, postal parcels, insured postal materials, etc., that the
postal enterprises and their branch offices issue receipts for upon
acceptance and posting, and for which recipients are requested to sign on
delivery.
(5) international postal articles: referring to printed matter and postal
parcels posted and delivered between users of the People's Republic of
China and users of foreign countries or regions.
(6) special postal articles: referring to postal date-marks, postal tongs
for lead sealing and postal bags.
Article 42
If provisions of this Law contravene those of the international treaties
concerning international postal affairs which the People's Republic of
China has concluded or to which China is a party, the provisions of the
international treaties concerned shall prevail, with the exception of the
treaty clauses on which the People's Republic of China has declared
reservations.
Article 43
The competent department of postal services under the State Council shall,
in accordance with this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which
shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State
Council.
Article 44
This Law shall go into effect on January 1, 1987.



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